Describe the evolution of military technology. What innovations are in Research Paper

Describe the evolution of military technology. What innovations are in store for the future and what will be its impact on war - Research Paper Example The arrow was also made from simple technology often requiring a straight body called shaft with the tip being made from stone while a feather was attached at the rear end of the arrow to create stability. This technology provided human beings with the ability to kill a target from a distance with a relatively higher degree of accuracy. This technology evolved with the discovery of copper, bronze and finally irons with these technologies replacing the stone tip of the arrow heads over time. Archery was military technology for armies in New Egyptian Kingdom and the Shang Dynasty as far back as 2000 BC (Woods and Woods 14-15). Archery was later used by other nations and kingdoms in Europe and Asia as they were used on the battlefields of Asia Minor with Eastern Europe, Egypt China, Japan, Mediterranean basin, Korea and Mesopotamia societies all developed their own adaptations of the composite bow. The domestication of horses was also an important occurrence for the ancient societies as they now had an effective form of transport. Transport by horse led to the discovery of the chariot which further improved transpiration and attack during war with the effectiveness of the chariot in war being one man controlling the movement of the chariot while a bowman shoot arrows at enemy soldiers (Woods and Woods 21). Another military technology that influenced the way wars were fought in the middle ages is the trebuchet. This is a machine used for throwing missiles towards the enemy soldiers or at their fortification. The working concept of a trebuchet involves long pivoted beam with one side being longer than the other. During its functioning, the short side is pulled down with the longer side of the beam being forced to rise rapidly causing the sling that is connected to the end of the long side of the beam to lash over thereby releasing itself and hurling the pellet it held. There are

Dona Perfecta Essay Example for Free

Dona Perfecta Essay Dona Perfecta, written by B. Perez Galdos, is a novel that explores the conflict between the new progressive movement and the old religious school of thought. This conflict takes place in the small Spanish village of Orbajosa. Narrow-minded Catholic zealots dominate Orbajosa. The most prominent of the zealots is Dona Perfecta. Dona is traditional catholic and strives to fight any opposition to her fixed beliefs. Pepe Rey, her nephew, presents the biggest challenge to Dona because he is an engineer who relies on scientific fact rather than religious faith. Dona feels as though Pepe is challenging her and the towns’ livelihood. This belief leads Dona to not only turn the town against Pepe, but also to have him killed. Dona’s Catholic belief system is only a facade to her evil nature. The town of Orbajosa is presented to be a small yet inviting town. Pepe is welcomed to the town warmly and happily. Dona is the first to greet Pepe when the narrator states, â€Å"the sincere expression of her affection, was receiving him at the gate itself in her loving arms† (23). Dona appears to be a very loving and hospitable character. She also surprises Pepe with her lengthy preparations to his room when the narrator states, â€Å"Pepe recognized in all the details of the room the diligent and loving hand of the woman† (24). Dona has proven that she is capable of being kind and loving towards those who pose no threat to her lifestyle. However, it is only when Pepe denounces religion that Dona feels threatened and begins to revel her evil nature. When Pepe and the town canon, Don Inocencio, meet, the men clash with their ideals. Both are intelligent and therefore, are stubborn. Pepe reveals to Don Inocencio that science is more valid than religion when he states, â€Å"Mysticism in religion, routine in science, mannerism in art, are failing, as the Pagan gods fell† (36). Pepe expresses his opinions about science and religion without any hesitation. Don Incencio and the towns’ people of Orbajosa feel that Pepe is resolutely against their beliefs. Increasing animosity is the result of Pepe’s progressive mind-set. Dona feels as though Pepe is a liability to the town’s way of life and the only way to get rid of the problem is to exterminate it completely. Dona is desperate to get rid of Pepe. She knows that Pepe poses the possibly to contaminate the towns ideals with his progressive philosophy. Dona decides that the town must turn against Pepe. Dona accuses Pepe of being disrespectful in the church when she states, â€Å"between thinking things and showing them in that irreverent manner, there is a distance which a man of good sense and good breeding should never cross† (56). Dona feels the need to make baseless accusations about Pepe in order to sway the public opinion against Pepe. Pepe himself recognizes the absurdity of Dona’s accusation when he states, â€Å"I have shown no contempt for any one, nor do I entertain the ideas which you attribute to me† (57). Pepe is troubled by the idea that his own aunt would accuse him of such trivial acts. Pepe knows that his progressive ideals are threatening to the town and are creating distrust between him and Orbajosa. Dona knows that the only way to truly get rid of Pepe is to kill him. Dona is consumed with the idea that the town of Orbajosa is transitioning from a traditional mindset to a progressive mindset. In reaction, Dona orders the killing of Pepe. She then lies about the killing saying that Pepe committed suicide when she states, â€Å"Pepe Rey at about twelve o’clock last night entered the garden of the house and shot himself in the right temple† (218). Dona manufactured this lie in order to cover up her evil action. Dona resorted to extreme and evil measures in order to preserve her way of thought. Her name Dona Perfecta is ironic in the sense that Dona is far from perfect because she is evil. The injustice that Dona commits revels not only the true hypocritical nature of Dona but also the hypocritical nature of Orbajosa as a whole. Dona Perfecta uses the conflict between Pepe and Dona to show the strong opposition the progressive movement faces. While Pepe was welcomed at first, he was soon ostracized and persecuted for his thoughts. The towns’ people of Orbajosa felt Pepe might threaten their way of life. Extreme measures were taken by Dona to put Pepe to rest. Perhaps Galdos intends the reader to see that while people may appear to be good, in reality, they are not what they seem.

Physics of Skydiving :: physics parachute skydiver sky dive

Could you see yourself jumping out of a perfectly good airplane traveling at 170 MPH 13,000 feet above the ground? Imagine being the first person to jump out of an airplane, entrusting your life to an unproven piece to technology. Over the past century, skydiving has grown from a madman's fantasy to a international sport. As a skydiver stands at the door of the airplane, the force of their mass multiplied by gravity is directly countered by the force of the plane pushing back up on their feet, this is know as the normal force and is shown is the equation FN = m * g As soon as the the diver exits the plane, the normal force is removed and the diver begins to fall. Generally, a skydiver will exit the airplane at about 13,000 feet (4000 meters). To maintain a stable flight, their body must face the "relative wind". This is the direction in which the greatest air resistance is coming from. After a jumper exits, the drag force of the air counteracts the jumper's horizontal motion until the drag is only working against gravity. For a 70 kg jumper with the acceleration of gravity (9,8 m/s2), the force of gravity can be calculated with the same equation as the normal force: Fg = 70 * 9.8 = 686 Newtons The force of the drag caused by particles of air is calculated by this equation with: FD=1/2 * CDr * v2 * A FD: force of drag CDr: coefficent of drag v: velocity A: surface area of the jumper When we set the FD equal to the Force of gravity on the diver and use the drag coefficient for the density of air and use the area of a diver in the "arch" position we find that the diver find a balance of forces (no acceleration) at about 55 m/s. When a skydiver wants to deploy their parachute, the most commonly used device used is a manually-operated pilot chute. The diver will reach back into their rig and grab a handle or small bean bag connected to the pilot chute and throw it away from them. The small pilot chute is affected by an extra drag force attempting to keep it stationary. When this force and the force of the falling diver create enough tension in the line connected to the pilot chute, the deployment bag containing the main canopy is unstowed. If the main canopy were to expand to full size immediately, the tensile forces between the diver and the main canopy would most likely kill the diver and/or break the lines.

Cold War: A Post-Revisioninst View of the Origins :: American America History

Cold War: A Post-Revisioninst View of the Origins There are three main schools of thought that trace the origins of the Cold War. The Orthodox view is that "the intransigence of Leninist ideology, the sinister dynamics of a totalitarian society, and the madness of Stalin" (Doc 1) cause the Cold War. The Revisionists claim that "American policy offered the Russians no real choice...[and] the United States used or deployed its preponderance of power" (Doc 2) and these actions caused the Cold War. The Post-Revisionist position is that the Cold War was initiated both by the United States and the USSR. Through the analysis of documents and other sources, the actual cause of the 'war' lies with both powers. Both powers caused the Cold War because, although the US and the USSR were allied during World War Two, the USSR and US had different ideologies and aims of the war that conflicted after the war was over and the threat that each power imposed on the other. The primary cause of the Cold War is the exceedingly bipolar systems of government that the USSR and the US were administered under. The US had a democracy and had, in April of 1945, just said farewell to one of the most liberal presidents that ever had been elected. By making many social reforms, President Roosevelt pulled the US out of the crippling depression and into on of the most prosperous decades ever. The aims of the US are evident in the 'Atlantic Charter', which was signed by Churchill and Roosevelt in August of 1914. According to the Charter, the US would "seek no aggrandizement.... respect the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live.... bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations.... [and seek] the abandonment of the use of force" (Doc 4). While still early in the war, the 'Atlantic Charter' was later adopted by the United Nations and remains, to this day, one of the cornerstones of the western world. However, the o ther power that emerged still 'intact' after the war, the USSR had a very different way of government and dissimilar aims of the war. The USSR was a communist nation and had Stalin its dictator. "From the Soviet perspective, extending the borders of the USSR and dominating the formerly independent states of eastern Europe would provide security and would be proper compensation for the fearful losses the Soviet people had endured in the war" (p.

Dissent vs. Disagreement Essay

In agreement to Daniel J. Boorstin’s theory, one can recall several events in the history of America’s democracy when disagreement paved the path for discussions and solutions but dissent only produced greater separation. Disagreement is the basis for democracy because each citizen has a choice to agree or disagree and try to make a change. For example, in the 1950s, Brown v. Board of Education was a product of constant disagreement between Americans about whether segregation of schools is constitutional or not. Because of these ongoing debates, the decision was made to end segregation in schools. Similarly, a tragic genocide in Sudan causes many arguments between the American people as the problem worsens and Americans must decide if they should step in. Again, the disagreement of the American democracy acts as its foundation for success and unity, while in Boorstin’s words, a democracy is â€Å"killed by dissension†. If in the 1950’s, the African Americans chose to go on living with dissension, or deciding to forever â€Å"feel apart from others†, then perhaps America would not have a black president today. Because many people disagreed with the harsh racial segregation and discrimination of that time, they were able to act on their opinions and make a change that influenced the future of America. African Americans fought for equality by disagreeing, instead of dissenting, and their efforts are evident in today’s unsegregated society. In Boornstin’s words, â€Å"A person who dissents is by definition in a minority†. The African Americans did not want to be known as the lesser minority, but by equal citizens of the American democracy, and the way they succeeded in making their struggles known was by debating and arguing against segregation and discrimination. Brown v. Board of Education was an outcome of one of their acknowledged actions. Because of this decision, segregation in schools were finally deemed unconstitutional. An improvement was made in the American democracy, and it was because of the â€Å"life blood of democracy†, which in Boorstin’s words, is known as â€Å"Disagreement†. Unlike the Brown v. Board of Education Decision, the American government mostly used dissension to deal with the genocide in Sudan. Some call it, â€Å"The Silent Genocide†, because there were many, many, casualties but there was no awareness for the issue. Although many recognized that the issue was appalling, few took action and produced debates and disagreements, causing the issue to linger instead of improve. The regular disagreement which â€Å"a liberal society thrives on† was overshadowed by dissension and ignorance. The genocide in Sudan was not able to be fully helped, or helped at all at first. As Boorstin says, â€Å"dissension is its [democracy’s] cancer† and this is evident in this case because Americans chose to dissent and feel apart from this problem, which only caused it to get worse. Boorstin recognizes the differences between dissension and disagreement in a way that makes evident that dissent is unproductive to our society’s conflicts whereas disagreement serves as the first step to reaching a solution. While Brown v. Board of education is an example of how disagreement led to improvement, the issue of the genocide in Sudan showed how a great amount of dissension and a lack of discussion, disagreement and knowledge, can turn out to be a democracy’s â€Å"cancer†.

AIDS Crisis essays

AIDS Crisis essays Post world war civilization around the world has undergone many changes. With modernization, urbanization and western ideas infiltrating many countries, traditional ways of life and culture have been forced to adapt to this new and fluid society. AIDS has been referred to as the disease of modernity, and nowhere has its devastating effects been more profound than in Africa, specifically, the sub-Saharan region. Before diving into the causes and effects of HIV/AIDS on African society, it is necessary to understand AIDS as a disease; its origin, transmission, and development. Tissue preserved in 1959 from a central African man has recently been identified as the earliest known case. Many speculate that AIDS may have spread from the blood of hunted chimpanzees to their butchers in the years after WWII. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is transmitted through bodily fluids, including blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. Most commonly, it is transferred through sexual contact, intravenous drug use where needles are shared, and through blood transfusions. HIV/AIDS is a viral disease which tends to progress in three distinct stages. Within the first several weeks after infection, acute, flu-like symptoms develop, and many think nothing of it. A long period of ten years, on average follows, during which time no symptoms are present. In the final stage, full-blown AIDS appears, which is characterized by the collapse of the bodys immune system from which death ultimately occurs from wasting or overwhelming infection.3 Why has Africa been especially hard hit in the AIDS pandemic? Africa is an economically depressed region where everyone from government officials to children are forced everyday to survive. Mass migrations of people to urban areas in search of work began following WWII. These people left behind families and adopted new ways of life in the cities. Many fell into the practi...

Go back to ESL essays

Go back to ESL essays On September 22nd, 2004, all of the 3rd period Transition English students went to the ESL class on period 3. We went to ESL class because that we needed to teach them what a portfolio is and what they should do when they are doing a portfolio. At that time, I found out that my English is become better and better than the time when I arrived to the U.S. at March, 2004. I was really happy for it. And because of my English is better, so I could help and teach the new ESL students how, why, and what they should do their portfolio. At the begging of the period, I went into the Transition English classroom having roll. Then my Transition English teacher Mrs. Snyder took our Transition English students to go into ESL classroom. After we went in, ESL students introduced themselves. For sure, we introduced ourselves after them. Then, ESL teacher Miss Livingston got ESL students into groups with our Transition English students. After we got in groups, we began the conversation about portfolio. In my group, there are three ESL students and three Transition English students. However, I wanted to show those new students my portfolio but I could not. Because my portfolio was in Taiwan, so I borrowed anther person's portfolio to show the ESL students how and what they need to do for the portfolio. When I explained and talked with them, I found out that my English become better than the time I just arrived here. So it made me feel happy and proud of myself. So I told them that they might need to do their portfolio as hard as they can, because they will have a memory of the time they arrived here and how they did learn English and how much do they change. I hope they can accept those advices and do their best work. ...

Pill Bug Lab Essays

Pill Bug Lab Essays Pill Bug Lab Paper Pill Bug Lab Paper ABSTRACT Pill bugs live in an outside environment where they are able to get the necessary amount of energy from organic matter. This environment is where water and organic matter is plentiful. In there natural habitat, pill bugs are found in dark, damp places. Living in moist places is important for pill bugs so they can take in enough water, and if water is not available, they group together to prevent water loss. Pill bugs most often live in dark places because they have a negative photo taxis. Darker places also tend to be cooler and damper. Each experiment connected to how the pill bugs would behave in a certain environment. We were able to test these experiments in a laboratory way to see if the natural environments were also true. If pill bugs are given a light and dark environment, then they will prefer the dark environment. If pill bugs were put in a warm or cold environment, they will prefer the cooler temperature. If pill bugs were in a dry or moist are, they would flock to the moist are. In the last experiment we tested to see if they preferred shelter or unsheltered environments, for which they choose unsheltered. After doing all four experiments, it was clear that pill bugs have a concise behavioral pattern in each environment. This lab’s purpose is to help differentiate kinesis and taxis movements. These movements are seen throughout all animals and they help us learn how animals react to a stimulus. In order to see how animals react to certain environments, we set up four tests and used pillbugs as our specimen. Through these four experiments, we were able to conclude that the pillbugs liked dark, damp, sheltered and hot spaces as oppose to light, dry, open and cold areas. This was concluded because, as shown in Tables/Figures 1, 2, 3, 4; the bugs seemed to congregate in the dark, damp, sheltered and hot chambers mostly. However, for a few minutes in each of the experiment, the bugs did not respond in the way we had hypothesized. This could be due to the fact that these animals have been used for prior experiments for weeks and weeks. These animals are obviously aggravated from these experiences; therefore they might not have wanted to go through it all again and did not want to cooperate with us as a whole. My hypothesis is that these animals will prefer the cold, sheltered, dark and damp habitats as opposed to hot, open, light and dry environments. INTRODUCTION There are many different ways to classify animal behavior and behavioral types. Behavior in terms of an animal’s response is a result of sensory input and falls within the categories of innate (inherited) and learned behaviors. When an animal is in a favorable environment it is called orientation behavior (Laboratory Manual 137). When an animal moves either toward or away from heat, light, or moisture, it’s called taxis. When an animal’s movement is completely random, it is called kinesis. The way an organism moves can be either taxis or kinesis. Another kind of behavior is how organisms behave when mating. Part of the mating ritual involves agnostic behavior where animals respond to each other with aggressive or submissive behaviors. Behavior with other organisms includes appearances, movements, and interactions with each other. Terrestrial isopods are land dwelling crustaceans, commonly known as sowbugs or pill bugs (or roly-pollies). While they look similar, sow bugs are different from pill bugs. An Animal’s behavior is often erratic and hard to study. However, in a controlled environment, it is easily done. We used Pillbugs in this lab, and placed them in various conditions. We tested to see if they would prefer a damp over dry environment, a hot over cold, a dark versus light and an open environment over a sheltered one. A natural defense mechanism for the Pillbugs is to curl themselves up into a tight ball and basically, play dead. When set in various conditions they can perform orientation behaviors. These behaviors include taxis and kinesis. Taxis occur when the animal moves towards or away from a certain stimulus. Kinesis occurs when the animal moves in a random motion in response to the stimulus. Throughout this lab, we put the pillbugs through four different tests. These experiments are to test to see if these animals will prefer a certain habitat rather than another and how they show this is through either kinesis movement or taxis movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS In all labs, a lab book and a pen or pencil are essential to record the number of pillbugs. The times come up fast so you have to make sure you are watching the clock or stop watch. Obviously, do not poke the pillbugs or try and force them into a certain chamber aggressively, this will aggravate them and cause unreliable results. When you are trying to get your pillbugs, use a paintbrush to sweep them onto your brush and then carefully lace them into the choice chamber dish that is provided for you. Make sure to get 10 pillbugs so you can have five in each chamber. If they look dead, they are most likely just curled up. During the various tests, make sure to take notes on the appearance, the types of movements (kinesis or taxis) and the interactions between the animals. The first experiment is to find out if the pillbugs prefer dark or light environments. The choice chambers have a little passageway between the chambers. Make sure to gently place five pillbugs on each side and then block off that doorway with a cardboard barrier of some sorts. Pick one of the chambers and then cover that chamber with something that will make the chamber be a dark environment. Leave the other chamber completely untouched, this will be the control group for the experiment. Obtain a stop watch and remove the barrier. Then record the amount of pillbugs on the light and dark chambers after every 30 seconds. We recorded our results every 30 seconds for 10 minutes. After the 10 minutes are over, take the cover off the dark chamber and make sure you have all 10 pillbugs still and then place the clear chamber covers to ensure that the bugs won’t escape whilst you get the second experiment ready. Remember to document in your lab book which is the independent and dependent variable for each of your experiments, this will make it easier to graph them later on. The next test is to see if the animals find a damp environment more appealing than a dry one. This is done by damping a white circular disk of paper with water and placing it in one of the chambers. When doing this, make sure that all 10 pillbugs are on one side so you will not be placing the damp paper on top of a pillbug. Just like the previous experiment, place five pillbugs on each side of the chamber and block the doorway. When the timer is ready, open up the entry way and time for 10 minutes, recording the number of pillbugs on each side every 30 seconds. When the 10 minutes has elapsed, carefully rally the pillbugs to the dry chamber and remove the damp paper and cover the chambers with the clear cover again. For the third experiment we tested if the pillbugs would prefer a sheltered environment as oppose to an open one. This is done by placing a cardboard shelter in one of the chambers. The shelter should fit in the chamber and should not cover the whole chamber (if it did, then the experiment would be like the first test conducted). This time, when recording the number of bugs, you will have to count the number of bugs out in the open (even if they are in the chamber with the shelter, if they are not under the shelter than they are in the open). Again, you will keep time for 10 minutes, recording your data every 30 seconds. After the 10 minutes is up, remove the shelter and make sure that all 10 pillbugs are still in the chambers. The final experiment is testing the temperature preference of the pillbugs. First, obtain two Petri dishes; fill up one of the Petri dishes with ice from the freezer and the other with hot water from the hot water bath. Then place the chambers on top of the Petri dishes, making sure that the hot water was underneath one chamber and the ice was underneath the other. Remove the barrier between the chambers and record your results every 30 seconds for 10 minutes. After the ten minutes are over, throw out the hot water and ice and place your Petri dishes back. Return the 10 pillbugs to their makeshift habitats carefully and then clean up your area and materials. RESULTS For the first experiment, we tested to see if the Pillbugs preferred darker condition to lighter ones. The animals would swarm to each other initially, but after a few seconds they began to spread out. As seen in Table 1 and Figure 1, the animals preferred the dark side. When a Pillbug would come out from the dark chamber, it quickly went back, usually taking another Pillbug with it. There were a few who hung out in the doorway between the two chambers; we counted that as being on the dark side because it was slightly covered. The second experiment was to test the Pillbug’s response to damp versus dry conditions. After setting up the test we learned that most of the Pillbugs enjoyed being on the damper chamber as oppose to the dry chamber. As you can see by the observations on Table 2 and Figure 2, one particular Pillbug enjoyed the damp area so much that it sprinted to that side and ran in circles. The next experiment we did was to test the pillbug’s response to a shelter. The shelter is different than the dark and light test because only a part of the chamber is covered, not the whole thing. As seen by Table 3 and Figure 3, the Pillbugs liked the shelter more so than being out in the open. For the majority of the time, the number of Pillbugs was even on each side but there were more bugs underneath the shelter than out in the open. DISCUSSION When the group was gathering our Pillbugs from their makeshift habitat, I noticed that the majority of them were attached to the underneath of a piece of paper towel. I speculated that they preferred darker scenarios and my results seemed to support this speculation. From this information I also suspected that the animals would prefer the shelter rather than an open area. Especially since they had a defense mechanism of curling into a ball, I figured that the Pillbugs did not like to be open and vulnerable to predators. Also, they are usually found in dirt environments, which means that they would prefer moist areas as oppose to dry ones. Some of the experiments were inconsistent with the movement of the Pillbugs. In the beginning of each experiment, the pillbugs seemed to show taxis movement, as in they were moving away from the stimulus that displeased them and moved towards the one that they preferred. However, as the test went on, especially in the fourth test (as seen in Table 4 and Figure 4), the pillbugs performed movements closer to the kinesis definition. This was totally unexpected, especially since the bugs were supporting out hypothesis in the beginning. This change in attitude could be because of numerous things. The experiment was not conducted properly, the hot water was not hot enough, the cover did not cover the whole chamber, or these pillbugs have been poked and prodded for a long time now. Therefore, they might have been exhausted and fed up and did not want to cooperate with us. LITERATURE CITED Wagner, David, Theodore Taigen, Thomas Terry, and Karen Lombard. Biology 102: Foundations of Biology. Fall 2006 Stamford Edition. 129-137. Unknown: University of Connecticut, 2007.

Planet Mars NASA Mission Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planet Mars NASA Mission - Research Paper Example The contemporary Mars exploration missions began in the 1960s after the Soviets launched a number of probes to the Red planet. The first successful fly by of the plant was carried out by the American mariner 4 in 1965. In 1971, Mariner 9, became tie first space probe to be successfully launched into the orbit of Mars. However, despite increasing interest in Mars in the scientific community, previous attempts to explore the planet have experienced a significantly high failure rate due to a wide range of challenges and complications. For example, majority of the spaceships intended to explore Mars have failed before their missions are completed while others have experienced failures before their observations of the planet could commence (Siddiqi 104). Recent probes carried out by space programs such as NASA have significant knowledge on the plant including its geology and possibility of life. As technology continued to advance, the amount of information obtained through subsequent spac e probes dramatically increased (Wayne 348).Today, an infinite possibility of resources and knowledge regarding space exploration remains untapped. Although critics have questioned the significance of space exploration, arguing that it is a waste of money and time, space missions remains one of the critical factors that are likely to shape the future of human race in the coming years. According to many experts, exploration of Mars and other space projects are not only important for scientific advancement, but are also critical to the future of human race. One of the likely benefits of the project is the fact that it carries with it a potential to discover more habitable space that man, as well as other animals and plants can survive. This will... The author of the essay "Planet Mars NASA mission" explains that for centuries, the planet Mars has always been a subject of fascination and fantasy. Although the modern study of the red planet began in the late the early 19th century, our awareness of Mars dates back to several centuries. According to Landis (88), human interest in Mars has been in existence of several centuries beginning with the invention of telescope in the 1600s. With the development of telescope, the increasing detailed view of the red planet particularly inspired fantasies of ever visiting Mars as well as speculations about the possibility of life existing in mars. The first successful fly by of the plant was carried out by the American mariner 4 in 1965. In 1971, Mariner 9, became tie first space probe to be successfully launched into the orbit of Mars. Recent probes carried out by space programs such as NASA have significant knowledge on the plant including its geology and possibility of life. Nowadays Mission includes: 1. What is the feasibility that people will ultimately inhabit the planet Mars? 2. What are the implications of the project Planet Mars NASA Mission to applied science researches particularly in the augmentation of life sustaining systems? In conclusion author assumes that based on a number of preexisting information on the plant Mars obtained from the previous researches and space missions to the planet, it is hypothesized that the conditions on the red planet are much the same with that of the earth can therefore support life.

Corporate Governance and Ownership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Corporate Governance and Ownership - Essay Example The analysis of this paper shows that globalization plays an important role in dissolving the existing corporate ownership and strengthening the corporate governance in these three countries. However, this analysis also shows that because of its strong inherence and utility derived from specific features of these three countries, the characteristics of ownership and corporate governance and its effects still remain in these countries. Finally, this paper also touches on the potential of other elements that effect on the corporate governance from different perspectives. II. Introduction Corporate ownership has been one of the biggest concerns of corporate governance for many years. Many previous research argues the prevalence of widely held corporations in the United States in which corporate ownership is dispersed among small shareholders1. Under such structures, the main concern of corporate governance is how to reduce the potential conflict between the interests of managers and sto ck holders, or so-called agency problems.2 However, as we look outside the United States, especially in countries with poor minority shareholder protections, even the largest firms often have controlling shareholders3. In those countries, the central agency problem is how to restrict the expropriation of minority shareholders by controlling shareholders through the improvement of minority protections4. Corporate ownership in Asia is also largely different from the U.S. Asian characteristics, as containing a high concentration of ownership comes from family, state and group ownership and low liquidity of shares5. Claessens investigated the separation of ownership and control in 2980 publicly traded companies in nine East Asian countries6 (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand). This study finds that in all countries, especially in Indonesia, Japan and Singapore, voting rights consequently exceed cash-flow rights through p yramid structures and cross-holding. It also finds that more than two-thirds of firms in these countries are controlled by a single shareholder7. It is not hard to anticipate that under this corporate structure, the conflict of interests between majority and minority shareholders cause adverse effect on the corporate governance. Several studies show that the concentrated ownership causes the low market valuation of firms and expropriation of minority shareholders in Asia8. This expropriation is more detrimental in a country with weaker legal systems9. Although differences between countries are significant, White Paper on Corporate Governance in Asia emphasized that the protection of minority shareholders rights was particularly critical in Asia10. Basically, there are three types of corporate ownership in Asia, which are family, state and group ownership. More than half of Asian corporations are family-owned. Hong Kong, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand show high degrees of f amily ownership. State control is significant in China and Singapore. In Japan and Korea, group companies are characterized by interlocking cross-holdings of equity. These characteristics of corporate structure, however, have gradually changed in the 21st century because of Asian economic growth and capital globalization. Corporate governance in Asia has been subjected to the reformation due to the criticism for its weakness after the Asian financial crisis. It seems that as the Asian market played a

SPITCEROW MODEL Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SPITCEROW MODEL - Assignment Example These needs were unmet by the Russian government starting from their presidents and hence the reason the conflicts started and intensified resulting in killings of even those Russian presidents. The conflict and violence was just an aggressive way of expressing these unmet drives and needs. The conflict enlarged because of inhabitation by the Al- Qaeda recruits who were based in the three camps established for their training in Chechnya. Those who graduated from these camps after two months of intensive training were given missions to conduct and one of the missions was to kill and bring about confusion in Chechnya as a way to divert attention from these three training camps. They increased the conflict by kidnapping prominent people including members of international organizations, created a financial crisis in the country which brought about disorder, they conducted strikes which eventually led to an uprising that was unified against Russia and they also created an Islamic state there. KA-K, Havva. â€Å"Reducing Violence: Applying the Human Needs Theory to the Conflict in Chechnya.† The Journal of Turkish Weekly. Retrieved from:

Proposal Writing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal Writing Assignment - Essay Example These kinds of schedules tends to eliminate the gauging exercise intensity guesswork, improves the quantitative tracking with regards to the fitness levels, helps in defining an individual’s weaknesses, acts as an effort monitor, as well as a proper perspective for aerodynamic position testing. Many cyclists often produce equal power output from both legs. The Info Crank tends to measures independently even small variations between the left and the right leg. A host of the remedial measures often exist to with the ultimate role of correcting the asymmetrical power inputs that requires adequate measurements. Info Crank will thus act as an accurate power meter with regards to cycling. Accuracy can hence be taken as an unlimited value that is accurate to almost 5 Watts. The relative measurements, as well as the cycling power readings should have greater reference on the context of  ±2% regarding the systems utmost reading capability (Krolop & Pfeffer et.al, 368). The level of accuracy also sets basis on the measurement of cadence, as well as the A-D converters rates of sampling. There is hence little or no variation between the amounts of watts deliberated on a single Info Crank’s set. If the Info Crank is switched between bikes, the measured watts are often equal. Power is basically a phenomenon that has to do with the aspect of force and velocity. The mathematical expression can be taken as: power (W) = force x distance / time. Watts on the other hand refers to energy that is needed to move a given mass to a particular distance within an identified period of time. In short, is taken to be 1W = 1Nm/s. So in a bike speak, the overall mass will be taken as the sum of that of the cyclist plus that of the bike, while the distance should be taken as the covered ground distance. There is some difficulty when it comes to the measurement of power due to the resistance brought out as a result of inconsistent motion. This is thus the key

Karl Donitz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Karl Donitz - Essay Example This strategy required the conversion of German fleet to U-boats. Despite opposition from the other senior naval officers, Donitz went ahead to train his crew on his innovation. When the war begun, the German Navy was under the leadership of Donitz. This navy commander was very instrumental in the war because he mobilized his troop to conquer the British merchant ships during the War. At this time, the Germany navy was not prepared for war since it was anticipating that the war would begin in 1945. This unpreparedness resulted from the focus on German Navy's extensive "Z Plan" which was due for completion in 1945. When the war broke out, there was no choice for Germany but the use submarine warfare because it was the only naval option that was already prepared 1. Thesis statement Karl Donitz, a German Naval Commander served as a vital object in persuading the military organization to adopt an innovation based on the submarine in order to conquer the colonial rule during the inter-war period and the World War II. By November 1937, Donitz had a realistic vision of German’s success against its enemies. By this time, he was convinced that it was practical to launch a good campaign against merchant shipping. From this point on, Donitz begun to push for the conversion of the German fleet to U-boats to the greatest and most significant extend possible2. He also revived the idea of creating wolf-packs out of the entire German fleet. His influence was effective owing to his position in the navy. Since January 1938, he served as Commodore and Commander of Submarines. Many chief army commanders including Erich Raeder, the naval leader strongly opposed Donitz. There was also competition from people like Herman Goring who received much attention during this time. Despite the existing controversy with Raeder, Donitz went ahead and conducted intense training on his crews regarding the new tactics. His opposers had put their hope in German Navy's extensive "Z Plan,† a plan that was scheduled to be completed in 1945. As noted earlier, they were anticipating that the World War II would start in 1945. However, the war broke out in 1939 and at this time, the German surface fleet was in a state of marked inferiority. Because of this, the only naval option available for Germany was submarine warfare. Donitz and His Military tactics Background in the military Donitz joined the Imperial German Navy in 1910 and in April the same year, he became a sea-cadet. In April 1911 Donitz begun serving as a midshipman before becoming an officer working aboard the cruiser SMS Breslau in 1912. In September 1913, he was commissioned as an Acting Sub-Lieutenant. When the Breslau was sold to Ottoman navy in 1914, Donitz and his colleagues began operating out of Constantinople under Whilhem Souchon. At this time, they served in the Black sea where they were busy engaging the Russian forces. After this, Donitz was transferred to the U-boat service. In March 1916, he w as promoted to the position of Navy First Lieutenant and by October, his request to transfer to the submarine forces was granted hence he began serving as a as watch officer on U-39 as from October 1916. In January 1921, Donitz became lieutenant in the Germany navy. By 1928, he was already commanding torpedo boats and was promoted to the position of a Lieutenant-Commander in November the same year. Due to his great work, Donitz was promoted to the position of a full commander in 1933 and to a Captain in 1935. On January 1938, he was promoted

Proposal Writing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal Writing Assignment - Essay Example These kinds of schedules tends to eliminate the gauging exercise intensity guesswork, improves the quantitative tracking with regards to the fitness levels, helps in defining an individual’s weaknesses, acts as an effort monitor, as well as a proper perspective for aerodynamic position testing. Many cyclists often produce equal power output from both legs. The Info Crank tends to measures independently even small variations between the left and the right leg. A host of the remedial measures often exist to with the ultimate role of correcting the asymmetrical power inputs that requires adequate measurements. Info Crank will thus act as an accurate power meter with regards to cycling. Accuracy can hence be taken as an unlimited value that is accurate to almost 5 Watts. The relative measurements, as well as the cycling power readings should have greater reference on the context of  ±2% regarding the systems utmost reading capability (Krolop & Pfeffer et.al, 368). The level of accuracy also sets basis on the measurement of cadence, as well as the A-D converters rates of sampling. There is hence little or no variation between the amounts of watts deliberated on a single Info Crank’s set. If the Info Crank is switched between bikes, the measured watts are often equal. Power is basically a phenomenon that has to do with the aspect of force and velocity. The mathematical expression can be taken as: power (W) = force x distance / time. Watts on the other hand refers to energy that is needed to move a given mass to a particular distance within an identified period of time. In short, is taken to be 1W = 1Nm/s. So in a bike speak, the overall mass will be taken as the sum of that of the cyclist plus that of the bike, while the distance should be taken as the covered ground distance. There is some difficulty when it comes to the measurement of power due to the resistance brought out as a result of inconsistent motion. This is thus the key

Bonnie and Clyde(Penn, 1967) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bonnie and Clyde(Penn, 1967) - Essay Example Bonnie and Clyde can be easily put under the genre of crime films. These are the movies that have a plot revolving around the life of a criminal. The character could be someone as real life as conceivable or someone so villainous that the viewer feels that he could not possibly be real. Then there are some which are based on the lives of actual felons. Often, films portray the life of criminals to be exciting and glorified, and this movie is one of those. It gives a glimpse of how life as a wanted person could be like, all the rush and adrenaline and yet the worry that must be constantly at the back of their mind of being caught even if they are arrogant and act otherwise. Such movies give the watcher an inside look to how a criminal’s mind could be like (Barsam and Monahan). The story is set during the times of the Great Depression when practically everyone was unemployed and money was short. In turn, these events resulted in a rise of criminal activity since the only way tha t the people could afford to put some food in their belly was by stealing the food. One of those persons was Clyde Barrow. It is whilst he is trying to steal a car when he meets Bonnie Parker, a waitress who is, surprisingly, the daughter of the owner of the very same car – â€Å"Hey boy, what you doin' with my Mama's car?† (Newman, Benton and Towne). However, instead of creating an outcry, she helps Clyde and they manage to run away in the car. That makes her first crime stealing her mother’s car but Bonnie has no regrets as she is quite excited and is looking forward to a new way of life. As Arthur Penn explains, â€Å"the American negro has the same kind of attitude of 'I have nothing more to lose' that was true during the Depression for Bonnie and Clyde.... He really is at the point of revolution -- it's rebellion, not riot† (Friedman 84) The duo start small, they go around gas stations and such. However, when their increasingly expensive lifestyle re quires them to have more money, they raise the scales. They start robbing banks, figuratively spitting on authority that turned its back to them and so many others despite all their promises made in the past, even introducing themselves as â€Å"This here's Miss Bonnie Parker. I'm Clyde Barrow...We rob banks† (Newman, Benton and Towne). Throughout the movie, the viewer may notice the subtle way that the Robin Hood theme has been continuously showcased. The two are stealing money from those who shut themselves down and refused to lent money to the poor in their times of need. In fact, the banks collapse and with them sink all the money that the ordinary people had cashed in their accounts as savings for the future. There is also a scene during one of the robberies at the bank when a farmer who had dropped by is allowed to keep all his money with him. It is through these little gestures that they show that are just ordinary folk. They are two thieves stealing money and living t heir life as they want it to be despite the terrible times and all the uncertainty that the normal public are feeling. It is clear since the beginning of the movie that Bonnie and Clyde are instantly attracted towards each other. Romance taking place in the future is a definite yes. The pair have a fun time together, meeting people they like and dislike but enjoying life to the fullest. Still, it is not all

Curriculum Alignment Essay Example for Free

Curriculum Alignment Essay Curriculum development process are steps and processes where by educational contents are designed, learning activities are specified and evaluation methods are devised in schools. Pugach, M. C. (1996). These are broken down into various subjects that are taught in schools in different classes (grades). In line with this; students’ needs in learning are catered for and should be kept with international standards. The curriculum should be able to promote the learning development and assess the students’ performances. We all are aware that there is no particular effective teaching method but the following instructional methods for a teacher should be used. The teacher’s presentation skills, should explain to the students what is expected of them. In teaching, the teacher should not show distracting manners. The teacher should take instructional levels are into account. In creating a lesson plan for a class the teacher should provide an overview of the lesson, link the lesson to the past session and outline the main points of the lesson this can form an introduction of the lesson. The body of the lesson should be broken into various activities and the lesson should have a conclusion which should state the main points of the lesson and create a link to the next lesson. For example a lesson in problem solving can be taught in grade 3. The lesson outline will ask the student; to name and explain problems that occur in the classroom, in the school or in the family, explain how one makes a choice and accept responsibility and enumerate factors that one considers before making a decision. Also in development a curriculum, the teacher needs to consider the development level of students. Development relates to behavior, which means; the conduct of a student and how he/she relates to others in the social circles. In considering developmental level such as those of children in Kindergarten the curriculum will have to address and include social and emotional lessons in accordance with the child’s developmental level. Therefore, in designing the curriculum questions will be asked in relation on how the child relates internally and externally. There are many ways was that a kindergarten child can be taught pertaining development. For example, a Kindergarten class can have a lesson on drawing of pictures or the teacher can ask them to articulate themselves using dolls/ and puppets. This lesson will teach them creativity. In development of curriculum, special attention has to be taken in regard to special needs of students. Students with disabilities such as those with impaired eyesight need special attention. As opposed to traditional methods where segregating and arranging students based on their abilities was used, today, new ways have come up. In tackling the problem of visual impairments, according to Armstrong (1994), the teacher will be required to develop multi-level and have different instructional ways of teaching such students. For example to teach the visual impaired students, the teacher will have to design charts with specific colors, objects, and shapes to test the perception of the student. The teacher should also test the ability of the student to differentiate 26 alphabetical by teaching the visual impaired skills to identify visual elements of letters. This will be able to benefit the visual impaired. We find that schools are normally structured according to grade levels, and teachers teach using same materials without regard of students’ differences in terms of their levels of understanding and functioning. Cole, R. (1995). Thus, instead of developing a curriculum that is narrow and don’t address this issue, a curriculum which is all inclusive putting in mind students’ differences in terms of learning abilities should be developed. So, an effective curriculum should address these issues; it should ensure a teacher plans lessons for several levels, which test students’ ability at the each level. For 5th grade that have both accomplished and emerging readers, the curriculum should address the reading aspect in regard to various abilities in reading. When preparing a reading lesson in a class with various students a teacher should pay special attention on extensive experiences of the students. The teacher also should select various levels of difficulty in the selected reading lesson to cater for the different students’ ability. The lesson should provide slots for students to read a loud and the teacher should also read to students. The instructions methods of the teacher should also explain vocabularies used in the text and any other techniques used. For example, to assist the students understand what they have read the teacher can encourage them to have a group discussion. Another example of a lesson that can be taught in 5th grade, the teacher can teach use of prefixes e. g. , â€Å"Re† as used in â€Å"reproduce, review rename. † The lesson will can also include language competence in general, student’s ability to differentiate between which words are verbs and which are not, and how to segment and mix language sounds. I n addition informal lessons will be included. This will involve, reading aloud in class to allow the teacher to know mistakes in decoding, and be able to establish the student’s level of fluency and accuracy in reading. The main aim of any curriculum development is to ensure that, the student is able to achieve academic excellence Daniels, H (1998). This will enable the teacher to asses the student’s performance in major areas which are mathematics, reading abilities, and writing skills. Though, standardized tests may not reflect a true picture of the standards it gives a general picture of student performance. In assessing students’ ability in mathematics, which is a study of figures and how they relate and other computations, student’s capacity in arithmetic, and application have to be tested. So the curriculum should be able to asses the learner’s ability analyzing student’s class work, and teach the student on how to sum numbers and subtract them, and how a student can be able to tell an error in summation or subtraction. Further more, the students can be given tasks to perform and shown steps to follow in problem solving. Conclusion Curriculum development and design is very important as what the students is taught at school greatly affects him/her in his future career development. Therefore it must be careful planned and must have a holistic approach in order to address the various disparities of students in terms of physical, emotional and mental abilities. A curriculum needs to reflect the objectives of education and have proper assessments methods to evaluate the students understanding and development as he/she moves from one grade to another. References Armstrong, T. (1994): Multiple intelligences in the classroom. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Cole, R. (Ed. ). (1995): Educating everybody’s children: Diverse teaching strategies for diverse learners. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Daniels, H. and Bizar, M. (1998): Methods that matter: Six structures for best practice classrooms. York, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers. Orkwis, R. and McLane, K. (1998): A curriculum every student can use: Design principles for student access. Reston, Virginia: Council for Exceptional Children. Pugach, M. C. and Warger, C. L. (Eds. ) (1996): Curriculum trends, special education, and reform: Refocusing the conversation. New York: Teachers College Press. Tomlinson, C. (1999): The differentiated classroom: Responding to the needs of all learners. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Relevance of mindfulness to developing interpersonal skills

Relevance of mindfulness to developing interpersonal skills Mindfulness as a psychological concept can be conceptualised as a present centred, non elaborative and non judgemental awareness in which all of the individuals sensations, feelings and thoughts that are present in their field of attention is taken account of and accepted (Bishop et al, 2004). Hargie (2006) states that behaviour that an individual pursues consciously can be said to be mindful, while automatic behaviour must be defined as mindless. Bishop et al go on to state that Mindfulness in contemporary psychology has been adopted as an approach for increasing awareness and responding skilfully to mental processes that contribute to emotional distress and maladaptive behaviour. (p.230). they suggest that operationalising the concept requires that the definition have two components, and that previous definitions do not adequately capture the nature of the concept. The first requires the individual to regulate their attentional mechanisms so that they focus on immediate and present experience, which will allow them to recognise internal events that occur in the present. This necessarily involves the individuals conscious awareness of their own feelings and thoughts as well as their surroundings. A result of this can be metacognitive abilities that allow them to control their powers of concentration. The second component of their definition of mindfulness requires the individual to adopt a certain kind of orientation towards their experience as they occur immediately, which will be characterised by openness, curiosity and acceptance. This orientation component requires the individual to accept their mindstream, to maintain a curious and open attitude, and to think in terms of different categories. Wiemann, Greene and Burleson (2003) note that within the context of interpersonal encounters, mindfulness implies increased attention to each individuals characteristics in new encounters. They suggest that this is particularly important in intercultural settings bec ause in these, it is more important to try to be prepared for unexpected behaviour from others. This essay will consider the relationship between mindfulness and interpersonal behaviour, including relationships as well as whether mindfulness can help people to improve their interpersonal skills. With regard to the relationship between mindfulness and interpersonal behaviour, Brown, Ryan and Creswell (2007) point out that research into the influence of mindfulness has only begun relatively recently, and has also focused largely on how it can enhance romantic relationships. For example, Welwood (1996) proposed that mindfulness encourages connection, closeness and attunement in these kinds of relationships. Goleman (2006) found that it can increase the individuals ability to pay attention to the content of their partners communication and also to be aware of their non-verbal behaviour and affective tone. Brown et al conclude that this scholarship suggests that mindfulness may promote interaction styles that support healthy relationship functioning and enhance overall relationship quality. (p. 225). Barnes et al (2007) used the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Carlson Brown, 2005; Brown Ryan, 2003), a self-report measure of mindfulness, to look at the relationship between mi ndfulness and relationship satisfaction. They found that increased mindfulness on the scale predicted increased satisfaction in relationships as well as more capacity to respond to relationship stress in a constructive manner. The study was carried out in a sample of dating couples who were not distressed. One possible criticism is that the study relied on self report and there was a danger of participants responding to face validity in some of the questions. These concerns were addressed to a certain extent in a second study, using a paradigm of conflict discussion. The authors found that scores on the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale predicted lower scores of emotional stress to conflict. This effect in turn was explained by the fact that they experienced less emotional stress in advance of the discussion, indicating that mindfulness actually helps protect the couple from stress, and does not just have a simple buffering effect. Objective raters also found that mindfulness wa s associated with better quality of communication, which is consistent with Tickle Degnan and Rosenthals (1990) finding that sustained attention in social exchanges is essential for rapport to be established. More generally, Baer et al (2006) fount that there was a positive association between mindfulness and aspects of emotional intelligence, which are related to improved social skills (see also Brown Ryan, 2003). This can lead to better perspective taking, response patterns that are cooperative and increased satisfaction in marital partners (Schutte et al, 2001). Brown and Kasser (2005; see also Brown Ryan, 2003; 2004) found that mindfulness as measured by the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale had a positive association with, or even predicted, a sense of interpersonal closeness and relatedness. This suggests that mindfulness plays a role in supporting social connections, which can be considered a fundamental psychological need (Deci Ryan, 1991). However, this proposition m ust be tested and confirmed by further research. Furthermore, incipient intervention studies also support the notion that mindfulness has a beneficial role in relationships. Carson et al (2004) adapted the extant Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction programme (Kabat Zinn, 1982) to a couples based intervention, which was named Mindfulness Based Relationship Enhancement. They found that, compared to control couples, those who undertook the intervention showed significantly increased partner acceptance, autonomy, and relationship satisfaction, and significantly reduces relationship and personal distress. These results held both post-test and at a follow up carried out three months later. All couples in the study were non distressed. This indicates that increased mindfulness can lead to positive outcome in terms of interpersonal behaviour. Burgoon, Berger and Waldron (2000)argue that in order to properly consider how mindfulness can help to address social issues, it is necessary to specify the features that characterise the communication context, the individuals communicating, or the messages being communicated that have the potential to increase mindfulness. Langer (1978) and subsequent authors (e.g. Hewes Graham, 1989; Schul Burnstein, 1998) have identified a number of situations that prompt individuals to exhibit more thoughtful behaviour. These include new situations, new formats for communication, and situations that are uninvolving. Waldron (1997) went on to study conversations and found that some of the proposed mindfulness prompts were indeed manifested therein. Conversations that included this kind of behaviour had associated patterns of behaviour that included more questioning, longer turns taken in the conversation, calls for evidence to be given and more interruption, which all indicate that efforts are b eing made to take control of the situation. However, it should be noted that this approach may not necessarily be considered the best for systematically examining the use of mindfulness prompts due to the fairly small number of conversations that were recorded. Dekeyser et al (2008) also looked at the relationship between mindfulness and interpersonal performance and feelings. Firstly, they looked at the factor structure and reliability of a mindfulness measure, the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (Baer et al, 2004), which is also based on self report. They used a sample of Psychology students and parents, all of whom spoke Dutch. They were able to replicate Baer et als finding in terms of the four factors that underlie mindfulness, which are characterised as Describe, Observe, Accept without Judgement and Act with Awareness. These were invariant through the samples tested, and all of these aspects of mindfulness displayed positive associations with self expression during a variety of social situations. Additionally, an increased tendency towards mindful observation was correlated with higher levels of empathy. The other factors of acting with awareness, acceptance without judgement and mindful description were correlated with more accurate description and identification of emotions and feelings, lowered social anxiety, increased body satisfaction and lowered contagion of distress. Thus, this study indicates that several factors, many of which are highly personal in nature, are associated with aspects of mindfulness. This further strengthens the notion that high levels of mindfulness are associated with a number of positive psychological outcomes, although the nature of this relationship is not clear. It must be remembered that correlation in no way infers causation and it is possible that mindfulness exerts more of a moderating or mediating effect. Furthermore, mindfulness may have some clinical applications, such as the relatively recent use of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, which is a treatment programme that was originally devised in order to help to manage chronic pain (Kabat Zinn, Lipworth et al, 1987; Kabat Zinn, Lipworth Burney, 1985). The treatment programme is presently used in order to help to reduce the psychological morbidity that comes along with chronic illnesses, as well as in the treatment of behavioural and emotional disorders (Kabat Zinn, 1998). Bishop (2002) has pointed out that the use of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction has increased in terms of popularity despite the fact that there has been no rigorous scientific evaluation of the treatment programme. However, clinical trials have begun to be carried out. Reibel, Greenson et al (2001) found significant reductions of psychological morbidity in patients with a medical illness using the programme (see also Carlson, Ursuliak et al, 2001; Speca, Carlso n et al, 2000). Williams, Kolar et al (2001) also found that Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction helped to increase individuals psychological well being and mitigate stress in samples that were not clinical (see also Shapiro, Schwartz Bonner, 1998; Astin, 1997). In conclusion, the nature of mindfulness is complex and appears to have two separate but interconnected components; attention and orientation. Mindfulness is related to interpersonal behaviour because it can promote styles of interaction that lead to improved social behaviour and can also have a positive influence on relationships with others. Indeed, the research indicates that mindfulness can have a protective capacity against social stress, although how it does this is not yet clear. Furthermore, early research indicates that interventions that encourage mindfulness can not only reduce stress following illness, but can also have positive impacts on interpersonal relationships. Although the field is relatively young, research is showing more and more positive aspects of mindfulness for interpersonal skills and behaviour. One possible future direction for research would be the development of a more objective way of measuring mindfulness. At present, most studies rely on self-report, which is influenced by the participants concept of themselves. Exploratory studies looking for other indices of mindfulness, perhaps using galvanic skin response, event related potentials or functional magnetic resonance imaging may be of use.

The Contemporary Relevance of Albert Camus Essay -- Albert Camus Essay

The Contemporary Relevance of Albert Camus ABSTRACT: After 350 years of continual social transformations under the push of industrialization, capitalism, world-wide social revolutions, and the development of modern science, what reasonably remains of the traditional faith in divine transcendence and providential design except a deep-felt, almost 'ontological' yearning for transcendence? Torn between outmoded religious traditions and an ascendant secular world, the contemporary celebration of individuality only makes more poignant the need for precisely that religious consolation that public life increasingly denies. People must now confront the meaning of their lives without the assured aid of transcendent purpose and direction. The resulting sense of absence profoundly marks the contemporary world. Confronted with the theoretical problems posed by the absence of absolute values, and the historical problems posed by contemporary social movements, Camus dramatized the urgency of developing guides to humane conduct in a world w ithout transcendence. He continued to believe that only when the dignity of the worker and the respect for intelligence are accorded their rightful place can human existence hope to realize its highest ideals, and our life find the collective meaning and purpose that alone can truly sustain us in the face of an infinite and indifferent universe. Celebrating individuality, our age invites us to express our feelings and realize our goals. It promotes happiness, while seeking to accommodate traditional moral values. But the focus on personal existence only makes the realization of death's inevitability more threatening. Torn between an outmoded religious tradition and a secular world on the ascendency, o... ...was no longer to be a matter of status and deference, but of function and quality of performance. And decisions were to be made by the involved collective, respecting the dignity and legitimate interests of all participants. While not despising the arts of "high culture" — though always quite uncomfortable with their mores — the renaissance always meant for Camus the qualitative transformation of daily life, the creation of dialogic communities at work and at home that gave voice and sustenance to the struggles for dignity of ordinary people. He continued to believe that only when the dignity of the worker and the respect for intelligence are accorded their rightful place can human existence hope to realize its highest ideals, and our life find the collective meaning and purpose that alone can truly sustain us in the face of an infinite and indifferent universe.

Instruments in worship? :: essays research papers

INSTRUMENTS IN WORSHIP? One of the most debated issues in today’s church is instruments in worship. There have been many arguments for the use of instruments, but none of which are accurate. The one debating for instruments must ignore biblical silence and add on to what God has ordained. The two most widely used arguments for instruments are: there is no condemnation of the use of instruments and that instruments are used in the same manner as a visual aid is in preaching. One can argue that there is no condemnation of worshipping with instruments. This is true. There is no text in the bible that says, â€Å"thou shalt not use instruments.† This argument is obviously faulty because of the parallels of this in the bible. Moses was told by God to speak to the rock and water would come out. God did not say for Moses not to strike the rock. Moses struck it and he was not allowed to see the promise land but was to die in the wilderness (Numbers 20:8-11). â€Å"While they were eating, He took some bread and after He broke it, and gave it to them, and said, ’Take it; this is my body.’ And when He had taken a cup and given thanks, He gave it to them, and they all drank from it. And He said to them, ’This is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many’† (Mark 14: 22-24). We are commanded to use the fruit of the vine and unleavened bread for the Lord’s supper. We aren’t told not to use Pork and water, but that would not be the Lord’s supper. Mark 16:16 says, â€Å"He who believes and is baptized shall be saved, but he who does not believe is already condemned.† It doesn’t say that he who is not baptized is unsaved, but it is deducted from the statement that the one who is not baptized is unsaved. It is not hard to see that this is a very week argument. â€Å"Speaking to one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody with your heart to the Lord† (Ephesians 5:19). If we are told to sing and not told to use instruments, then we are not allowed to use instruments. Biblical parallels prove this. Another argument, and perhaps the best argument, states that using instruments is simply to assist one’s

We Have Become Untrue to Ourselves

With all the force and vigor at my command, I contend that we have relaxed our vigilance, that we have allowed ourselves to deteriorate. I contend that we have lost our pride in the Philippines, that we no longer consider it a privilege and an honor to be born a Filipino. To the Filipino youth, nothing Filipino is good enough any more. Even their Filipino names no longer suit them. A boy named Juan does not care to be called Juanito anymore. No, he must be Johnny. A girl named Virginia would get sore if she was nicknamed Viring or Binang. No, she must be Virgie or Ginny. Roberto has become Bobbie; Maria, Mary or Marie. And because they have become so Americanized, because they look down on everything Filipino, they now regard with contempt all the things that our fathers and our fathers’ fathers held dear. They frown on kissing the hands of their elders, saying that it is unsanitary. They don’t care for the Angelus, saying that it is old-fashioned. They belittle the kundiman, because it is so drippingly sentinmental. They are what they are today because their elders – their parents and their teachers – have allowed them to be such. They are incongruities because they cannot be anything else! And they cannot be anything else because their elders did not know enough, or did not care enough to fashion them and to mold them into the Filipino pattern. This easing of the barriers that would have protected our Filipinism, this has resulted in something more serious, I refer to the de-Filipinization of our economic life. Let us face it. Economically speaking, we Filipinos have become strangers in our own country. And so, today, we are witnesses to the spectacle of a Philippines inhabited by Filipinos who do not act and talk like Filipinos. We are witnesses to the pathetic sight of a Philippines controlled and dominated and run by non-Filipinos. We have become untrue to ourselves, we have become traitors to the brave Filipinos who fought and died so that liberty might live in the Philippines. We have betrayed the trust that Rizal reposed on us, we are not true to the faith that energized Bonifacio, the faith that made Gregorio del Pilar cheerfully lay down his life at Tirad Pass.

Outline for arts speech †story of Hamlet Essay

IB TOK R3 1. Story of Hamlet A. Hamlet son of late king Claudius, mother remarried less than 2 months after her husband’s death. B. Ghost of late king visits Hamlet and tells him that the new king murdered him. C. Hamlet lashes out at everyone around him, including his love Ophelia. D. Hamlet plots to kill king E. Hamlet stages a play called â€Å"The Mousetrap,† in which a king is murdered by his brother, who then takes up with his wife, Claudius freaked out and Hamlet Claudius is guilty. F. Hamlet visited his mother and derides her for taking up such man. G. Polonius, Ophelia’s father, hid himself in Gertrude’s, Hamlet’s mother, room behind a curtain. When he calls out for help, Hamlet kills him thinking that it is the king. See more: outline format for essay H. Because of the murder, Hamlet is sent to England and when he returns to Elsinore, he sees a funeral-taking place, he finds that Ophelia has drowned. Her brother Laertes, blaming Hamlet for the death his father and sister, challenges Hamlet to a duel. I. At the duel, Laertes poisons his blade to make sure Hamlet will die. At the same time, Claudius inserts a poison pearl into a wine cup in hope that Hamlet will drink it. J. Every important character dies: Gertrude gets to the cup first, and dies. Laertes wounds Hamlet with the poison blade, Hamlet mortally wounds Laertes. Hamlet then finds out that Claudius put poison in the cup and he goes after the king and kills him. Then Hamlet lies down and dies. K. This play is often referred to as â€Å"the one in which everybody dies.† 2. Differences between the two A. Mel Gibson version directed by Franco Zeffirelli 1. Starts differently 2. Only 135 min. cut out huge sections. 3. High number of extra- King actually seems to have power 4. Color -can relate 5. Play-in-play with spoken words- much more importance- used by hamlet as proof. 6. Seemed to be made to retell an old story 7. Switched around to make it more entertaining 8. Said by a critic to be written for the masses a. short b. cut out dialogue- easier for common people to understand c. fun to watch B. Olivier as hamlet directed by himself 1. Starts as the play does 2. Less extras- King seems to rule no one 3. 155 min -missing huge sections 4. Play-in-play in mime less importance done to jab at the king and queen for what they have done 5. New interpretation of an old story 6. Black and White cannot relate to lack of color as well 7. Friends of Hamlet left out a. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern not in b. Allows Hamlet to be less insane 8. Better sword play- build more suspense as to who will win 9. Cinematography changes feeling Darker a. castle is dark and so is the sky, see more of the dark sky b. Humor is cut out 3. Differences in Hamlet A. Soliloquies in Olivier to self allows him to get closer to subjects, inner turmoil, in Zeffirelli it is out loud, insanity 1. Kill Claudius when praying 2. To be or not to be B. In Zeffirelli- acts much more insane- wild eyed, over the top. C. In Olivier- much more reserved, caustic when speaking. 4. Other differences in characters A. Queen Gertrude 1. In Olivier a. actress is 29 years old Olivier is 41- looks strange b. drinks the poison knowing that she will die- to save Hamlet, a noble death 2. In Zeffirelli a. Devastating and tragic death- didn’t knew that the cup was poisoned, more of an impact on viewers. B. Ophelia 1. In Zeffirelli a. Completely mad, gives out bones and sticks and calls them flowers 2. Olivier a. Semi-mad, more out of it than insane C. Dead King 1. Zeffirelli a. King looks like he is alive and is just back visiting not freighting 2. Olivier a. Never see the face of the king, comes surrounded in fog b. Scary c. See the murder acted out 5. Conclusion A. Way the director influenced my perception of the story 1. Same story, many of the same lines, same characters, but different feelings emitted from both. a. Zeffirelli humorous, have fun watching it makes the ending more tragic more of a dramatic change b. Olivier is dark always fell that something terrible is going to happen end not as devastating c. Polonius: Words, words, words B. Olivier version constitutes what I believe to be a masterpiece when following Clark’s definition from unit four of our book. 1. follows all of the guidelines a. The original play by Shakespeare that it is based off of fills the first 5 requirements as well as the last. b. Olivier’s version creates the feeling of complete supremacy of the artist’s art. Whereas Zeffirelli’s is entertaining but not a masterpiece. c. Olivier’s version won 5 Oscars, Zeffirelli’s, none. Show preview only

Handling Discipline in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Handling Discipline in Organizations - Essay Example Moreover, it is always best to follow the best practices which will play a fundamental role at inculcating the correct spirit within the employees, tell them what exactly is asked of them and what they need to deliver within the specified time periods. The best practice in handling disciplinary matters within organizations is derived from the basis of following the dictum which is followed within the organization as well as the industries which are very closely related with this organization in essence. What this means is that the similar organizations adopt procedures and standards which are enforceable and which have a long-term shelf value. In other words, there is a sense of forthrightness within the organizations when these work hand in hand with the policy debates that are making the relevant rounds. The best practice regimes indeed form the cornerstone of success and achievement within the realms of an organization that is aimed at delivering the best possible value to its employees and asking for strict promulgation of the same from their domains as well. This indeed is a two-way hierarchy where each party benefits the other, and the combined effect is a wholesome basis which comes directly under the aegis of discipline. These best practice discussions are in accordance with the labor laws which are existent within the world. However, there are local connotations attached to these practices as and when these move from one industry to another. Handling discipline is one of the most significant premises in the modern times because it touches quite a few significant tangents, one such being the manner in which the organizations are playing their due role in instilling promulgation of its laws, rules, and policies – all of which are in line with the best practice regimes followed worldwide. Then there is the discussion of the ACAS – Code of Practice on Discipline which makes sure that any apprehensions which exist within the realms of discipline are taken care of under its aegis.

MSDS Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MSDS Project - Essay Example This is due to the then war’s intensity that saw even fertilizer plants used as explosive making centers to cater for more weaponry. This by employing Haber-Bosch process to get NH3 by combining N2 and H2 at high pressures, which were essential in making explosives (Libes 699). NH4NO3 is an essential component in the making of fertilizers and industrial explosives (Libes 699). Fertilizer in this case refers to an original or synthetic substance added in the soil to provide plants with the appropriate nutrients, hence enhance growth. Explosives refer to chemical substances that undergo certain process characterized by catastrophic release of energy, which in most cases results to destruction of something within the vicinity. In the case of NH4NO3, the substance is a strong oxidizer whereby in the presence of an ignition source, hot places or fumes will result to fire catastrophically thus cause destruction (Libes 699). It is also an odorless, crystalline and colorless substance soluble in both alcohol and water, which makes it an appropriate agent in making fertilizers (Ledgard 135). On heating at approximately 2100C, its liquid solution decomposes to NO or laughing gas (Ledgard 135). Despite numerous studies citing this compound is extremely explosive; its usage encompasses admixing with fuel oil, for instance, diesel or TNT. This implies one ought to be extra careful when both handling and preparing it. The latter is due hazardous due to inhaling of fumes, which are poisonous and might lead to serious complications. Based on current chemical studies, NH4NO3 compared to other substances does not have high levels of toxicity except when swallowed in large amounts by both humans and animals. This is especially through contaminated water or effluents that find their way into water sources unnoticed. Hence, implying it has a moderate toxicity though once swallowed the victim

Leadership Profile second stage (Qaide azam Mohmad Ali Jinah) Essay

Leadership Profile second stage (Qaide azam Mohmad Ali Jinah) - Essay Example (Wolpert, 1984, p. 182) Adair, (2002, p. 3) concludes that no communities are identified that do not have leadership in several characteristics of their communal life, though numerous may not have a particular overall leader to make and execute decisions. National practicability depends in some measure on effective leadership. Successful leaders participate in both professional leadership activities (e.g. setting a chore, creating a process for attaining ambitions, lining up methods and routes) and personal leadership activities (e.g. building confidence, gentle for people, acting with integrity). Great suggestions proposed by the right being in the wrong situation, or to the immoral audience, or at the badly chosen time are meant to fail. Great leaders are those who employ and focus the appropriate combination of elements on the dot to impact their world in impressive ways. This idealism, combined with his feeling, dating back to the London days, that there was a role for him on Indias political stage, le d him to join the Indian National Congress in 1906 and, three years later, to make a bid, which proved successful, to enter the Imperial Legislative Council as the nominee of the Muslims of Bombay. At Congresss 1906 session, Jinnah acted as private secretary to the president, Dadabhai Naoroji. It was a landmark session: for the first time Congress asked, through its president, for "Swaraj," using the Hindi word for self-rule. Later, when Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Poona, famed for his assertion, "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it," was prosecuted by the Raj, Jinnah served as one of the Brahmin defendants lawyers. Remarkably, the majority of what we know about leadership derives from the observation of how folks relate to their immediate heads. Nonetheless, probing individual opinions of â€Å"leadership† at the national level is a striking intention (Meigs, 2001, p. 4).

Strategic Management and Marketing for the Luxury Goods Vivienne Assignment

Strategic Management and Marketing for the Luxury Goods Vivienne Westwood - Assignment Example In such context, Luxury Goods Company Vivienne Westwood has been selected sample organization in the paper and study will conduct marketing audit in order to help the sample organization to decide marketing strategy. McDonald and Wilson (2011) suggested that organizations should use both strategic and tactical marketing plan in order design marketing strategy. According to these scholars, strategic marketing includes situational analysis, customer segmentation, and macro environmental audit while tactical marketing plan includes implementation marketing strategies. The paper will follow the mentioned approach while doing marketing audit for Vivienne Westwood. Before going to the main discussion, the study will analyze the business situation and macro environment for Vivienne Westwood in order to create background for marketing audit. Situational Analysis There is no doubt that primary operational hub for Vivienne Westwood is UK and therefore the study will concentrate on macro enviro nmental parameters of UK which can influence business dimensions of Vivienne Westwood. ... ion in UK (British Fashion Council, 2012) The above diagram is showing the rise of luxury consumption expenditure in UK while the following diagram will depict the structure of designer and luxury fashion industry in UK. Figure 2: Industry Structure (British Fashion Council, 2012) It is evident from the diagram that retail luxury clothing and footwear are the primary revenue generating option for designers like Vivienne Westwood, Paul Smith, Burberry, Stella McCartney, Mulberry etc. In such context, PEST (Political, economic, social and technological) analysis can be done in order to understand macro environmental aspects of UK. Political Government of UK follows trade policy as directed in NATO or North Atlantic Treaty Organization. However, in recent years the UK government has taken steps as budget cuts (more than 20%) in entertainment, fashion and sports sector which negatively affected growth of fashion and designer merchandises manufacturing sector (British Fashion Council, 201 2). The government has also reduced corporate tax to 23% and such reduction would bound to increase operating margin for fashion retailers like Vivienne Westwood, Paul Smith, Burberry and others. Economic Spending capacity of people is being negatively affected by the trailing effect of Economic recession started in 2008 and Sovereign debt crisis. For example, the industry growth has been dipped by almost 0.2% in recent years (Marketline, 2012). However, British Fashion Council (2012) reported that economic slowdown might have increased cost of manufacturing for luxury retailers like Vivienne Westwood, Paul Smith, Burberry and others but it has hardly any impact on luxury consumption in UK. This divergence occurs due to the fact that generally affluent class purchases luxury products and

The Student Movement and 1968 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Student Movement and 1968 - Essay Example The essay "The student movement and 1968" will help to understand, that political oppression is one of the main factors that encouraged student action in the 1960s, where students wanted to offer an alternative opposition that the government lacked. In 1966, the two main West German political parties, the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Christian Democrats (CDU), merged to create the Grand Coalition. The Grand Coalition selected Kurt Georg Kiesinger of the CDU to become the chancellor. The decision sparked controversy because Kissinger served as the radio propagandist of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), also called the Nazi Party (Allinson, 2013, p.141). In addition, the formation of the Grand Coalition created social unrest because it decreased and curtailed parliamentary opposition (Allinson, 2013, p.142). With the union of CDU and the SPD, the only remaining opposition party was the relatively small organization of the Free Democratic Party (FDP). The studen t movement formed part of the â€Å"extraparliamentary opposition† or APO (Von Dirke, 1997, p.34). Andrei S. Markovits, an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor and American sociologist Philip S. Gorski assert that APO is not a monolithic movement. They stress that the â€Å"term APO never designated a single organization or tendency. Rather, APO was a loosely negative alliance between a diffuse array of groups united against a shared opponent† (cited in Von Dirke, 1997, p.34). The Socialist German Student Union served as the leader of the student movement in Germany.

Aristotle and Meteorology Essay Example for Free

Aristotle and Meteorology Essay Introduction: Aristotle wrote about many subjects that can be grouped into five general divisions: logic, physical works, psychological works, natural history works, and philosophical works. One of the little known physical works concerned meteorology. Aristotles views on meteorology are fascinating, but many of the views were not accurate. This paper compares only a few of his views to actual meteorological facts. I. Biography A. Birth and growth B. Influence on writings II. Basis of Aristotles meteorology A. Elements and theory B. Science and facts III. Water vapor and precipitation A. Aristotles view B. Science and fact. IV. Winds A. Aristotles view B. Science and fact Conclusion: Aristotle explained the various meteorological phenomenon in simplistic terms. The explanations match his theory of how matter and shape were interrelated. Aristotles ideas on water vapor and precipitation were somewhat accurate, considering that there were no tools to measure the atmosphere in his time. His views on wind, however, were not accurate at all. He wrote extensively on winds, but never fully comprehended how wind occurred. September 5, 2000 Aristotle on Meteorology Aristotle was born in 384 BC, at Stagirus, a Greek colony on the Aegean Sea near Macedonia. In 367 BC, Aristotle entered the Academy at Athens and studied under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years. In the later years of his association with Plato and the Academy, he began to lecture on his own account, especially on the subject of rhetoric. When Plato died in 347, Aristotle and another of Platos students, Xenocrates, left Athens for Assus, and set up an academy (Encyclopedia 2). In 342, Aristotle returned to Macedonia and became the tutor to a very young Alexander the Great. He did this for the next five to seven years. Both Philip and Alexander appear to have paid Aristotle high honor. There are stories that indicate the Macedonian court supplied Aristotle with funds for teaching, and with slaves to collect specimens for his studies in natural science (Encyclopedia 4). Aristotle returned to Athens when Alexander the Great began his conquests. He found the Platonic school flourishing under Xenocrates, and Platonism the dominant philosophy of Athens (Encyclopedia 5). Aristotle thus set up his own school at a place called the Lyceum. When teaching at the Lyceum, Aristotle had a habit of walking about as he discoursed. It was because of this that his followers became known in later years as the peripatetics, meaning, to walk about (Shakian 126). For the next thirteen years, he devoted his energies to his teaching and composing his philosophical treatises. His institution integrated extensive equipment, including maps and the largest library collection in Europe. He is said to have given two kinds of lectures: the more detailed discussions in the morning for an inner circle of advanced students, and the popular discourses in the evening for the general body of lovers of knowledge. At the sudden death of Alexander in 323 BC, the pro-Macedonian government in Athens was overthrown, and a general reaction occurred against anything Macedonian. A charge of impiety was trumped up against Aristotle. To escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea so that (Aristotle says) The Athenians might not have another opportunity of sinning against philosophy as they had already done in the person of Socrates (Encyclopedia 5). In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach illness and died in 322 BC (Encyclopedia 7). One of Aristotles writings is about meteorology. His theories are based on his belief that all objects in the world are composed of form and matter and the world is arranged according to the relative standing each object occupies in the universe (Shakian 127). This basis led to his theory that any motion was from the center or to the center (Encyclopedia 28). Aristotle saw the universe as a scale lying between the two extremes: form without matter on one end, and matter without form on the other end. Additionally, he believed all matter is made of four bodies: fire, air, water, and earth (Encyclopedia 29). With this information as a basis, it is no wonder that any remaining theories would probably be incorrect. Scientific fact cannot disprove that all objects are of form and matter. Any one can agree or disagree with that philosophy. However, scientific fact does show that movement can occur in directions away from the center or toward the center. For example, solar radiation from the sun does not travel in direct lines to or from a center. Some of the radiation scatters into space. Some is reflects from the earths surface and is lost into space (Lutgens 37-43). Air molecules do not move toward or away from a center. Air particles move in an infinite number of directions due to molecule size, shape, weight and composition. Finally, Aristotles theory that matter is made of four bodies is dramatically short sighted. Air is a mixture of at least nine different components and is constantly changing in composition. Nitrogen and oxygen make up nearly 99% of the volume of dry air. Of all the components of air, carbon dioxide is the most interest to meteorologists (Lutgens 5). In all fairness, Aristotle had no way to measure or determine the exact components of the atmosphere. In book 1, part 3 of Aristotles meteorology, Aristotle describes his explanation of water vapor. His explanation describes the area between the surface of the earth and the visible portion of the Milky Way. It is important to note that he views the Milky Way as a plane or upper level surface (Aristotle, Meteorology 253). Aristotle is very close to a scientific answer when he deduced that what immediately surrounds the earth is not mere air, but a sort of vapour, and that its vaporous nature is the reason why it condenses back to water again (Aristotle, Meteorology 253). His logic is interesting when he indicates that this expanse of a body cannot be fire for then all the rest would have dried up (Aristotle Meteorology 254). In part 9, Aristotle addressed the issue of precipitation. He explained that air condensing into water becomes a cloud. Mist is what remains when a cloud condenses into water. He further explained that when water falls in small drops, it is drizzle, and when the drops are larger, it is called rain (Aristotle Meteorology 267). This is one area where Aristotle was close to accurate. One flaw is his view of the Milky Way as a flat plane. Science has shown that the Milky Way is just one of an infinite number of star galaxies. Aristotle realized water vapor existed. He also realized that the area between the earth and the heavens was not fire. What Aristotle deduced as water vapor is scientifically referred to as a parcel of air. As the air parcel rises, it cools and may condense to form a cloud (Lutgens 81). Aristotle believed the remains of water vapor that did not form a cloud was mist. Actually, what remains is just other air parcels. The energy used to condense the air molecule is released as latent heat creating a cycle of rising and sinking air molecules (Lutgens 82-83). Aristotle provided names for the size of water droplets. It is possible that Aristotle coined the names drizzle and rain. Scientifically, drizzle is defined as small droplets of less than . 5 mm. Rain is defined as droplets of . 5 mm to 5 mm (Lutgens 131). Aristotle dedicated several chapters to the theory of winds. Without scientific measurements, the cause or theory of wind was difficult to determine or explain. Aristotle compared wind to a flowing river in book 1 (Aristotle Meteorology 348). Unfortunately, Aristotle could not discern why the river of wind never dried up. Therefore, he abandoned that theory and analogy of wind and simply tried to explain rivers instead. In book two, he dedicated three more chapters to wind. Aristotle used his theory of water vapor and direct observation of something he called smoke to describe the occurrence of wind. He related the rising water vapor and the heat of the sun. This combination created wind. Rain contributed to wind development by causing calm winds after a rain (Encyclopedia 191). Wind must have been a difficult subject for Aristotle to explain, considering how much was written about the subject. The facts indicate he was close to an answer but never fully understood the concept of wind. The definition of wind is the result of horizontal differences in air pressure. Air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure. It is natures method to balance inequalities of pressure. Unequal heating of the earths surface generates the pressure differences. Therefore, solar radiation is the ultimate driving force of wind (Lutgens 149). The effects Aristotle explained were often the results of the pressure changes. He realized the sun had some influence. The clam wind after a rain is an occurrence with strong thunderstorms that leave a micro scale high-pressure dome in their wake (Lutgens 153). Aristotle explained the various meteorological phenomenon in simplistic terms. The explanations match his theory of how matter and shape were interrelated. Aristotles ideas on water vapor and precipitation were somewhat accurate, considering there were no tools to measure the atmosphere in his time. His views on wind, however, were not accurate at all. He wrote extensively on winds but never fully comprehended how wind occurred Works Cited Aristotle. Great Books of the Western World. Volume 1. Chicago: Robert P. Gwinn, 1990. Aristotle. Meteorology 113 438. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Internet Address: http://classics. mit. edu/Aristotle/meteorology. 1. i. html. Translated by E. W. Webster. 27 Aug. 2000. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1-321. University of Tennessee at Martin. Internet Address: http://www. utm. edu/research/iep/a/aristotl. htm. 24 Aug. 2000. Lutgens, Frederick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck. The Atmosphere. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1992. Sahakian, William S. and Mabel Lewis Sahakian. Ideas of the Great Philosophers. New York: Barnes Noble Inc. , 1970.